| NOTES |
| 09. |
In most democracies, the members of the ruling party
respond to their opponents’ verbal abuse with more verbal
abuse—not lawsuits. |
| 10. |
Caplan, B., The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why
Democracies Choose Bad Policies (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 2007). |
| 11. |
See: http://www.freetheworld.com |
| 12. |
A majority of Hong Kong residents want to change many
of its most distinctive policies: 57.6% favour a minimum
wage, 68.4% favour price controls for necessities, 74.7%
want more progressive taxation, and 75.5% want to
“protect local industry against foreign competition”. In: Lau,
Siu-kai and Kuan Hsin-chi, “Public Attitude toward Laissez
Faire in Hong Kong”, Asian Survey 30 (1990): 770. |
| 13. |
See: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org |
| 14. |
World Values Survey variable identifier E039. |
| 15. |
When asked whether “incomes should be made more
equal” or whether “we need larger income differences as
incentives” (higher scores on a 1-10 scale indicate greater
support for incentives), Singaporeans’ average answer
was 6.88, versus 5.72 for Americans (World Values Survey
variable identifier E035). |
| 16. |
When asked whether private ownership or government
ownership should be increased (higher scores on 1-10 scale
indicate greater support for government ownership), the
average answer in Singapore was 4.75, versus 3.62 for the
US (World Values Survey variable identifier E036). |
| 17. |
Only 4% of Singaporeans favour open borders, and just
24% are willing to admit immigrants “as long as jobs [are]
available”; the comparable numbers in the United States
are 12.4% and 44.8% according to World Values Survey
variable identifier E143. Mauzy and Milne confirm this
pattern: see Mauzy and Milne (2002: 152 and 2002:191). |
| 18. |
World Values Survey variable identifier E001. |
| 19. |
World Values Survey variable identifier E014. |
| 20. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hale_Thompson |
| 21. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mayors_of_San_Francisco |
| 22. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Council |
| 23. |
See generally Schleicher, D., “Why is There No Partisan
Competition in City Council Elections?: The Role of Election
Law”, Journal of Law and Politics 23 (2007): 419-473. |
| 24. |
Lindbeck, A., and Weibull, J. W., “Balanced-Budget
Redistribution as the Outcome of Political Competition”,
Public Choice 54 (1987): 273-297; Caplan, B., “When Is
Two Better Than One? How Federalism Amplifies and
Mitigates Imperfect Political Competition”, Journal of
Public Economics 80 (2001): 99-119. |
| 25. |
Why then is one-party democracy so much more
common in cities than countries? The most plausible
explanation is that small, dense populations tend to be less
heterogeneous—not only in their policy preferences, but
in their party preferences as well. As Mutalib (2004: 272)
suggests, “A larger land area and population base would
allow greater avenues and wider opportunities for political
dissension and other sectional or geographical interests to
be articulated.” |
| 26. |
World Values Survey variable identifiers E125 and E128. |
| 27. |
See Mutalib (2004): 239. |
| 28. |
World Values Survey variable identifier E003. |
| 29. |
Only 3.2% of Singaporeans say they are “very interested”
in politics, and another 32.8% say that are “somewhat
interested”; in the US, the corresponding numbers are
18.3% and 47.2% (World Values Survey variable identifier
E023). The World Values Survey consistently finds that
compared to Americans, Singaporeans are extremely
reluctant to engage in even low-level political participation,
such as signing a petition or attending a rally (World Values
Survey variable identifiers E025 and E027). |
